Documented Events

Thai military forces looted and destroyed homes in Banteay Meachey Province, Cambodia, on January 4, 2026.

On 21 December 2025, marking the 15th consecutive day of hostilities, Thai military forces continued their armed aggression against Cambodia across the 4th and 5th Military Regions. These actions constituted persistent violations of the ceasefire and the Joint Declaration signed on 26 October 2025. The attacks involved heavy artillery, tanks, mortars, fighter jets, drones, and toxic gas, deliberately targeting civilian villages, temples, schools, and other civilian infrastructure.

Between the evening of 18 December and the night of 19 December 2025, Thai military forces continued their armed aggression against Cambodia across the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Military Regions. These actions constituted persistent violations of the ceasefire and the Joint Declaration signed by the Prime Ministers of Cambodia and Thailand on 26 October 2025. The attacks involved F-16 fighter jets, naval warships, heavy artillery, mortars, kamikaze drones, reconnaissance drones, and toxic gas, targeting civilian villages, religious temples, cultural heritage sites, and civilian infrastructure.

On 17 December 2025, marking the 11th day of hostilities, Thai military forces continued their armed aggression against Cambodia in both the 4th and 5th Military Regions, in blatant violation of the ceasefire and the Joint Declaration signed by the Prime Ministers of Cambodia and Thailand on 26 October 2025. The attacks involved heavy artillery, F-16 fighter jets, tanks, bombing and reconnaissance drones, attempted ground infiltration, and the use of toxic gas. Civilian areas, sacred temples, and frontline positions were targeted, resulting in severe civilian casualties and grave violations of international law.

From 12:00 AM to 5:00 PM on 15 December 2025, Thai military forces continued their armed aggression against Cambodia in the 5th Military Region. The attacks involved artillery shelling, bombing and reconnaissance drones, F-16 fighter jet air operations, attempted infantry infiltration supported by tanks, and the deployment of toxic gas. Civilian villages, development areas, and strategic checkpoints were targeted, constituting serious violations of Cambodia’s sovereignty and international humanitarian norms.

On 13 December 2025, Thai military forces significantly expanded the scope and intensity of their armed aggression against Cambodia, extending attacks into the 3rd Military Region for the first time. The operations involved naval artillery shelling, F-16 airstrikes, heavy artillery, tanks, drones, infantry incursions, and the use of toxic gas. Civilian infrastructure, including villages, bridges, hotels, and coastal areas, were repeatedly targeted across multiple provinces, representing one of the most extensive escalations of the conflict and grave violations of Cambodia’s sovereignty and international humanitarian norms.

Between 11 and 12 December 2025, Thai military forces continued sustained attacks against Cambodian forces in Military Region 5. The attacks involved large reconnaissance drones, F-16 fighter jet airstrikes, tank-supported infantry assaults, heavy artillery, mortars, machine guns, and the deployment of toxic gas. Cambodian frontline positions, sacred temples, and civilian-adjacent areas were repeatedly targeted throughout the afternoon, night, and early morning, constituting serious violations of Cambodia’s sovereignty and international humanitarian norms.

On 9 December 2025, Thai military forces initiated attacks against Cambodia’s sovereignty in the 5th Military Region. Thai units fired 105mm and 155mm artillery shells into civilian residential areas in Thmar Da Commune, Veal Veng District, Pursat Province. Later the same day, Thai forces fired a heavy gun near Chak Puok Primary School in Slor Kram Commune, Svay Chek District, Banteay Meanchey Province, endangering civilians and educational facilities. These actions constituted serious violations of Cambodian sovereignty and international norms protecting civilians.

On 7 December 2025, Thai military forces carried out multiple armed attacks against Cambodian troops stationed in Choam Ksan District, Preah Vihear Province. The attacks occurred in several phases throughout the afternoon and evening, involving small arms and mortar fire. Cambodian forces exercised restraint and did not retaliate. Following the incidents, Thailand issued baseless accusations against Cambodia, which were firmly rejected by the Cambodian Ministry of National Defence.

On 26 October 2025, Cambodia and Thailand signed a joint peace agreement in Kuala Lumpur to resolve the ongoing border dispute. The agreement was signed by the Prime Ministers of both countries in the presence of the Malaysian Prime Minister, acting as Chair of ASEAN, and U.S. President Donald Trump. The agreement marked a significant diplomatic milestone, reaffirming Cambodia’s commitment to peaceful resolution, dialogue, and regional stability following months of heightened tensions and armed incidents along the border.

In early August 2025, following the ceasefire agreement, Thailand released two Cambodian soldiers who were in critical health condition. Despite this step, tensions quickly escalated again when Thai armed forces repeatedly violated the ceasefire by encroaching into Cambodian sovereign territory in the An Ses area. These actions involved the deployment of heavy machinery, land clearing, trench construction, and the laying of barbed wire, constituting serious ceasefire violations and posing a renewed threat to peace and stability along the border.

In July 2025, Thailand entered a period of political instability following the suspension of its Prime Minister. During this period, tensions along the Cambodia–Thailand border escalated due to repeated landmine incidents in disputed areas. Thai authorities accused Cambodia of responsibility for the incidents, allegations which Cambodia firmly rejected, emphasizing that the explosives were remnants of past conflicts in unresolved border zones. The situation culminated in a serious diplomatic escalation, including the expulsion and recall of ambassadors, further deteriorating bilateral relations.

A serious border incident occurred when Thai military forces fired explosive ordnance from outside Cambodian territory, causing an explosion inside Cambodian sovereign land. The blast killed Major Soun Rown, a Cambodian soldier serving in active defensive duty. Cambodian authorities condemned the incident as an unprovoked act of aggression and a grave violation of Cambodia’s territorial integrity and international border agreements.